Topic-General Studies Paper-2; Indian Polity & Constitution

Article 35A
Presidential Order in 1954
Article
370

Article 35A empowers the state legislature of Jammu
and Kashmir to define ‘permanent
residents’ of the state. These residents are then eligible for special
rights and privileges which the legislature can provide.

‘permanent
residents’

Further, the laws made under Article 35A cannot be
challenged on the ground that they affect the Fundamental Rights of other Indian citizens.The right of the
state legislature is not, however, unlimited. They can give these special
rights and privileges only in the following four categories:

Fundamental Rights

1. Employment under the state
   government;
2. Acquisition of immovable property in
   the state;
3. Settlement in the state; or
4. Right to scholarships and such other
   forms of aid as the state government may provide

Employment under the state
government;

Acquisition of immovable property in
the state;

Settlement in the state; or

Right to scholarships and such other
forms of aid as the state government may provide

Article 370, 35A and order 1954 are an unwanted
burden which the region has carried with itself since the time of its
inception. While the provisions under these articles were meant at safeguarding
the ‘cultural integrity’ of
the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, in reality, these have only worked to erode
the cultural integrity of the state’s minorities.

Article 370, 35A and order 1954
full report
unwanted
burden
‘cultural integrity’

Under article 35A, the state government was allowed to
define the term ‘permanent residents’ such that no person from outside could
purchase land within the state. The effects of which were as follows:

1. This effectively
   created a barrier between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of the country
2.  The governments, both at the centre and the
   state, did nothing to do away with the barriers imposed within the state.
3.  In the last few decades, the state has seen a
   huge migration from the north to the south, such that the Jammu region is
   flooded with refugees from the valley.
4.  While there is a large influx of population
   migrating down south, the reverse migration is a near absent phenomenon.
5.  This discrimination becomes more glaring when
   one realises that while Jammu region has been highly accommodative of the
   refugees pouring in its cities, the valley has been reluctant to grant pieces of
   land to Kashmiri Pandits, retired soldiers.

This effectively
created a barrier between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of the country

 The governments, both at the centre and the
state, did nothing to do away with the barriers imposed within the state.

 In the last few decades, the state has seen a
huge migration from the north to the south, such that the Jammu region is
flooded with refugees from the valley.

 While there is a large influx of population
migrating down south, the reverse migration is a near absent phenomenon.

 This discrimination becomes more glaring when
one realises that while Jammu region has been highly accommodative of the
refugees pouring in its cities, the valley has been reluctant to grant pieces of
land to Kashmiri Pandits, retired soldiers.

Article 370 and 35A were incorporated to prevent the
much feared ‘Hindu cultural
imperialism’ by New Delhi on Kashmir, but they do absolutely nothing to
prevent a similar cultural and
linguistic imperialism which is unfolding within the boundaries of the
state.

‘Hindu cultural
imperialism’
cultural and
linguistic imperialism

• The state elites
  are guilty of promoting majoritarianism
  by providing social, financial and political support to a particular language
  and way of life.
• The moves by
  every valley-based government have been aimed at undermining the cultural and
  linguistic identities of the state’s minorities including the Dogras, the Pandits, the
  Gujjar-Bakerwals, the Ladakhis and the Sikhs.

The state elites
are guilty of promoting majoritarianism
by providing social, financial and political support to a particular language
and way of life.

majoritarianism

The moves by
every valley-based government have been aimed at undermining the cultural and
linguistic identities of the state’s minorities including the Dogras, the Pandits, the
Gujjar-Bakerwals, the Ladakhis and the Sikhs.

the Dogras, the Pandits, the
Gujjar-Bakerwals, the Ladakhis and the Sikhs.
the Dogras, the Pandits, the
Gujjar-Bakerwals, the Ladakhis and the Sikhs.

 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THIS ARTICLE TO J&K:

 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THIS ARTICLE TO J&K:
 SIGNIFICANCE OF
THIS ARTICLE TO J&K:

1. Permanent residents law prohibits non-permanent residents
   from permanent settlement in the state, acquiring immovable property, govt
   jobs, scholarships
2. It was also interpreted as discriminatory against J&K
   women. It disqualified them from their state subject rights if they married
   non-permanent residents. But, in a landmark judgment in October 2002, J&K
   high court held that women married to non-permanent residents will not lose
   their rights. The children of such women don’t have succession rights.

Permanent residents law prohibits non-permanent residents
from permanent settlement in the state, acquiring immovable property, govt
jobs, scholarships

It was also interpreted as discriminatory against J&K
women. It disqualified them from their state subject rights if they married
non-permanent residents. But, in a landmark judgment in October 2002, J&K
high court held that women married to non-permanent residents will not lose
their rights. The children of such women don’t have succession rights.

THE DEBATE SURROUNDING ARTICLE 35A:

THE DEBATE SURROUNDING ARTICLE 35A:
THE DEBATE SURROUNDING ARTICLE 35A:

1. An
   NGO, We the Citizens, challenged 35A
   in SUPREME COURT in 2014 on grounds that it was not added to the Constitution
   through amendment under Article 368.
   It was never presented before Parliament, and came into effect immediately, the
   group argued. 
2.  In another case in Supreme Court, two Kashmiri
   women argued that the state’s laws, flowing from 35A, had disenfranchised their children.

An
NGO, We the Citizens, challenged 35A
in SUPREME COURT in 2014 on grounds that it was not added to the Constitution
through amendment under Article 368.
It was never presented before Parliament, and came into effect immediately, the
group argued. 

We the Citizens
amendment under Article 368

 In another case in Supreme Court, two Kashmiri
women argued that the state’s laws, flowing from 35A, had disenfranchised their children.

disenfranchised

IN CASE THE ARTICLE IS TINKERED WITH WHAT
IS THE FEAR IN MIND OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND SEPARATISTS?

IN CASE THE ARTICLE IS TINKERED WITH WHAT
IS THE FEAR IN MIND OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND SEPARATISTS?
IN CASE THE ARTICLE IS TINKERED WITH WHAT
IS THE FEAR IN MIND OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND SEPARATISTS?

1. It
   would lead to further erosion of J&K’s autonomy and trigger demographic
   change in Muslim majority valley.
2. Political
   parties say Kashmir resolution lies in greater autonomy; separatists fan
   paranoia against possibility of Hindus ‘flooding’ the valley. However, in the
   last 70 years, demography of Kashmir Valley has remained unchanged even as
   Hindu majority in Jammu and Buddhists in Ladakh have rights to buy property and
   settle in the Valley.

It
would lead to further erosion of J&K’s autonomy and trigger demographic
change in Muslim majority valley.

Political
parties say Kashmir resolution lies in greater autonomy; separatists fan
paranoia against possibility of Hindus ‘flooding’ the valley. However, in the
last 70 years, demography of Kashmir Valley has remained unchanged even as
Hindu majority in Jammu and Buddhists in Ladakh have rights to buy property and
settle in the Valley.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

Kashmir must be freed from the clutches of Article-35A
to make room for a constructive solution,
which maximize peace, progress and
prosperity for all.It will need new leaders with a liberating vision to
inject fresh development within the state.

constructive solution
peace, progress and
prosperity